1、Set基本數(shù)據(jù)類型
a、set集合,是一個無序且不重復(fù)的元素集合
class set(object): """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. """ def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Add an element to a set,添加元素 This has no effect if the element is already present. """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements from this set. 清楚內(nèi)容""" pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a set. 淺拷貝 """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在,B中不存在 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) """ pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. 從當(dāng)前集合中刪除和B中相同的元素""" pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素,不存在不保錯 """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集 (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) """ pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集并更更新到A中 """ pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 如果沒有交集,返回True,否則返回False""" pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether another set contains this set. 是否是子序列""" pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列""" pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove and return an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素 """ pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素,不存在保錯 """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 對稱交集 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) """ pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 對稱交集,并更新到a中 """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the union of sets as a new set. 并集 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) """ pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """ pass
b、數(shù)據(jù)類型模塊舉例
se = {11,22,33,44,55} be = {44,55,66,77,88} # se.add(66) # print(se) #添加元素,不能直接打印! # # # # se.clear() # print(se) #清除se集合里面所有的值,不能清除單個 # # # # ce=be.difference(se) #se中存在,be中不存在的值,必須賦值給一個新的變量 # print(ce) # # # se.difference_update(be) # print(se) #在se中刪除和be相同的值,不能賦值給一個新的變量,先輸入轉(zhuǎn)換,然后打印,也不能直接打印! # se.discard(11) # print(se) #移除指定元素,移除不存在的時候,不會報錯 # se.remove(11) # print(se) #移除指定的元素,移除不存在的會報錯 # se.pop() # print(se) #移除隨機(jī)的元素 # # # ret=se.pop() # print(ret) #移除元素,并且可以把移除的元素賦值給另一個變量 # ce = se.intersection(be) # print(ce) #取出兩個集合的交集(相同的元素) # se.intersection_update(be) # print(se) #取出兩個集合的交集,并更新到se集合中 # ret = se.isdisjoint(be) # print(ret) #判斷兩個集合之間又沒有交集,如果有交集返回False,沒有返回True # ret=se.issubset(be) # print(ret) #判斷se是否是be集合的子序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase # ret = se.issuperset(be) # print(ret) #判斷se是不是be集合的父序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase # ret=se.symmetric_difference(be) # print(ret) #對稱交集,取出除了不相同的元素 # se.symmetric_difference_update(be) # print(se) #對稱交集,取出不相同的元素并更新到se集合中 # ret = se.union(be) # print(ret) #并集,把兩個元素集合并在一個新的變量中
2、深淺拷貝
a、數(shù)字和字符串
??? 對于 數(shù)字 和 字符串 而言,賦值、淺拷貝和深拷貝無意義,因為其永遠(yuǎn)指向同一個內(nèi)存地址。
import copy # ######### 數(shù)字、字符串 ######### n1 = 123 # n1 = "i am alex age 10" print(id(n1)) # ## 賦值 ## n2 = n1 print(id(n2)) # ## 淺拷貝 ## n2 = copy.copy(n1) print(id(n2)) # ## 深拷貝 ## n3 = copy.deepcopy(n1) print(id(n3))
?b、其他基本數(shù)據(jù)類型
對于字典、元祖、列表 而言,進(jìn)行賦值、淺拷貝和深拷貝時,其內(nèi)存地址的變化是不同的。
1、賦值
賦值,只是創(chuàng)建一個變量,該變量指向原來內(nèi)存地址,如:
n1 = {"k1": "zhangyanlin", "k2": 123, "k3": ["Aylin", 456]} n2 = n1
2、淺拷貝
淺拷貝,在內(nèi)存中只額外創(chuàng)建第一層數(shù)據(jù)
import copy n1 = {"k1": "zhangyanlin", "k2": 123, "k3": ["aylin", 456]} n3 = copy.copy(n1)
3、深拷貝
深拷貝,在內(nèi)存中將所有的數(shù)據(jù)重新創(chuàng)建一份(排除最后一層,即:python內(nèi)部對字符串和數(shù)字的優(yōu)化)
3、函數(shù)
函數(shù)式:將某功能代碼封裝到函數(shù)中,日后便無需重復(fù)編寫,僅調(diào)用函數(shù)即可
面向?qū)ο螅簩瘮?shù)進(jìn)行分類和封裝,讓開發(fā)“更快更好更強(qiáng)...
.函數(shù)的定義主要有如下要點:
def:表示函數(shù)的關(guān)鍵字
函數(shù)名:函數(shù)的名稱,日后根據(jù)函數(shù)名調(diào)用函數(shù)
函數(shù)體:函數(shù)中進(jìn)行一系列的邏輯計算,如:發(fā)送郵件、計算出 [11,22,38,888,2]中的最大數(shù)等...
參數(shù):為函數(shù)體提供數(shù)據(jù)
返回值:當(dāng)函數(shù)執(zhí)行完畢后,可以給調(diào)用者返回數(shù)據(jù)。
1、返回值
函數(shù)是一個功能塊,該功能到底執(zhí)行成功與否,需要通過返回值來告知調(diào)用者。
以上要點中,比較重要有參數(shù)和返回值:
def 發(fā)送短信(): 發(fā)送短信的代碼... if 發(fā)送成功: return True else: return False while True: # 每次執(zhí)行發(fā)送短信函數(shù),都會將返回值自動賦值給result # 之后,可以根據(jù)result來寫日志,或重發(fā)等操作 result = 發(fā)送短信() if result == False: 短信發(fā)送失敗...
函數(shù)的有三中不同的參數(shù):
普通參數(shù)
# ######### 定義函數(shù) #########
?
# name 叫做函數(shù)func的形式參數(shù),簡稱:形參
def func(name):
??? print name
?
# ######### 執(zhí)行函數(shù) #########
#? 'zhangyanlin' 叫做函數(shù)func的實際參數(shù),簡稱:實參
func('zhangyanlin')
默認(rèn)參數(shù)
def func(name, age = 18):
????
??? print "%s:%s" %(name,age)
?
# 指定參數(shù)
func('zhangyanlin', 19)
# 使用默認(rèn)參數(shù)
func('nick')
注:默認(rèn)參數(shù)需要放在參數(shù)列表最后
動態(tài)參數(shù)
def func(*args): print args # 執(zhí)行方式一 func(11,33,4,4454,5) # 執(zhí)行方式二 li = [11,2,2,3,3,4,54] func(*li)
def func(**kwargs): print args # 執(zhí)行方式一 func(name='wupeiqi',age=18) # 執(zhí)行方式二 li = {'name':'wupeiqi', age:18, 'gender':'male'} func(**li)
def func(*args, **kwargs): print args print kwargs
郵件實例:
def email(p,j,k): import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.utils import formataddr set = True try: msg = MIMEText('j', 'plain', 'utf-8') #j 郵件內(nèi)容 msg['From'] = formataddr(["武沛齊",'wptawy@126.com']) msg['To'] = formataddr(["走人",'424662508@qq.com']) msg['Subject'] = "k" #k主題 server = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.126.com", 25) server.login("wptawy@126.com", "WW.3945.59") server.sendmail('wptawy@126.com', [p], msg.as_string()) server.quit() except: set = False return True formmail = input("請你輸入收件人郵箱:") zhuti = input("請您輸入郵件主題:") neirong = input("請您輸入郵件內(nèi)容:") aa=email(formmail,neirong,zhuti) if aa: print("郵件發(fā)送成功!") else: print("郵件發(fā)送失敗!")
更多文章、技術(shù)交流、商務(wù)合作、聯(lián)系博主
微信掃碼或搜索:z360901061

微信掃一掃加我為好友
QQ號聯(lián)系: 360901061
您的支持是博主寫作最大的動力,如果您喜歡我的文章,感覺我的文章對您有幫助,請用微信掃描下面二維碼支持博主2元、5元、10元、20元等您想捐的金額吧,狠狠點擊下面給點支持吧,站長非常感激您!手機(jī)微信長按不能支付解決辦法:請將微信支付二維碼保存到相冊,切換到微信,然后點擊微信右上角掃一掃功能,選擇支付二維碼完成支付。
【本文對您有幫助就好】元
