?今天偶爾看到sql中也有with關鍵字,好歹也寫了幾年的sql語句,居然第一次接觸,無知啊。看了一位博主的文章,自己添加了一些內容,做了簡單的總結,這個語句還是第一次見到,學習了。我從簡單到復雜地寫,希望高手們不要見笑。下面的sql語句設計到三個表,表的內容我用txt文件復制進去,這里不妨使用上一個隨筆介紹的建立端到端的package的方法將這些表導入到數據庫中,具體的就不說了。
從這里下載文件 employees.txt,customers.txt,orders.txt
參考文章: http://www.cnblogs.com/wwan/archive/2011/02/24/1964279.html
使用package導入數據: http://www.cnblogs.com/tylerdonet/archive/2011/04/17/2017471.html
簡單的聚合
從orders表中選擇各個年份共有共有多少客戶訂購了商品
-
?第一種寫法,我們可以寫成這樣
1 select YEAR (o.orderdate) orderyear, COUNT ( distinct (custid)) numCusts
2 from Sales.Orders o
3 group by YEAR (o.orderdate)
4 go -
第二種寫法,
1 select orderyear, COUNT ( distinct (custid))numCusts
2 from ( select YEAR (orderdate) as orderyear,custid from sales.orders) as D
3 group by orderyear
4 go -
第三種寫法,
1 select orderyear, COUNT ( distinct (custid)) numCusts
2 from ( select YEAR (orderdate),custid from sales.orders) as D(orderyear,custid)
3 group by orderyear
4 go -
第四種寫法,with出場了
1 with c as (
2 select YEAR (orderdate) orderyear, custid from sales.orders)
3 select orderyear, COUNT ( distinct (custid)) numCusts from c group by orderyear
4 go
指定臨時命名的結果集,這些結果集稱為公用表表達式 (CTE)。該表達式源自簡單查詢,并且在單條 SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE、MERGE 或 DELETE 語句的執行范圍內定義。該子句也可用在 CREATE VIEW 語句中,作為該語句的 SELECT 定義語句的一部分。公用表表達式可以包括對自身的引用。這種表達式稱為遞歸公用表達式。
----MSDN
-
第五種寫法,也可以借鑒第三種寫法,這樣使語句更加清楚明了,便于維護
1 with c(orderyear,custid) as (
2 ? select YEAR (orderdate),custid from sales.orders)
3 ? select orderyear, COUNT ( distinct (custid)) numCusts from c group by c.orderyear
4 ? go圖1
添加計算
-
現在要求要求計算出訂單表中每年比上一年增加的客戶數目,這個稍微復雜
1 with yearcount as (
2 ? select YEAR (orderdate) orderyear, COUNT ( distinct (custid)) numCusts from sales.orders group by YEAR (orderdate))
3 ? select cur.orderyear curyear,cur.numCusts curNumCusts,prv.orderyear prvyear,prv.numCusts prvNumCusts,cur.numCusts - prv.numCusts growth
4 ? from yearcount cur left join yearcount prv on cur.orderyear = prv.orderyear + 1
5 go
圖2
復雜的計算
-
查找客戶id,這些客戶和所有來自美國的雇員至少有一筆交易記錄,查詢語句如下
1 with TheseEmployees as (
2 select empid from hr.employees where country = ' USA ' ),
3 CharacteristicFunctions as (
4 select custid,
5 case when custid in ( select custid from sales.orders as o where o.empid = e.empid) then 1 else 0 end as charfun
6 from sales.customers as c cross join TheseEmployees as e)
7 select custid, min (charfun) from CharacteristicFunctions group by custid having min (charfun) = 1
8 go
結果如下圖3
圖3
這里只有簡單地介紹,沒有深入,高手們不要見笑啊。
---------------------------------------------------------分界線----------------------------------------------------------
with語句和子查詢的性能比較
在博友 SingleCat 的提醒下,對 with 語句做一些性能測試,這里使用的測試工具是 SQL Server Profile 。我選擇了最后一個語句,因為這個語句比較復雜一點。開始的時候單獨執行一次發現他們的差別不大,就差幾個毫秒,后來想讓他們多執行幾次,連續執行 10
次看看執行的結果。下面貼出測試用的語句。
1 /* with查詢 */
2 declare @withquery varchar ( 5000 )
3 declare @execcount int = 0
4 set @withquery = ' with TheseEmployees as(
5 select empid from hr.employees where country=N '' USA '' ),
6 CharacteristicFunctions as(
7 select custid,
8 case when custid in (select custid from sales.orders as o where o.empid=e.empid) then 1 else 0 end as charfun
9 from sales.customers as c cross join TheseEmployees as e)
10 select custid from CharacteristicFunctions group by custid having min(charfun)=1 order by custid
11 '
12 while @execcount < 10
13 begin
14 exec ( @withquery );
15 set @execcount = @execcount + 1
16 end
17
18 /* 子查詢 */
19 declare @subquery varchar ( 5000 )
20 declare @execcount int = 0
21 set @subquery = ' select custid from Sales.Orders where empid in
22 (select empid from HR.Employees where country = N '' USA '' ) group by custid
23 having count(distinct empid)=(select count(*) from HR.Employees where country = N '' USA '' );
24 '
25 while @execcount < 10
26 begin
27 exec ( @subquery );
28 set @execcount = @execcount + 1
29 end
從 SQL Server Profile 中截圖如下
從圖中可以看到子查詢語句的執行時間要少于with語句,我覺得主要是with查詢中有一個cross join做了笛卡爾積的關系,于是又實驗了上面的那個簡單一點的,下面是測試語句。
1 /* with語句 */
2 declare @withquery varchar ( 5000 )
3 declare @execcount int = 0
4 set @withquery = ' with c(orderyear,custid) as(
5 select YEAR(orderdate),custid from sales.orders)
6 select orderyear,COUNT(distinct(custid)) numCusts from c group by c.orderyear '
7 while @execcount < 100
8 begin
9 exec ( @withquery );
10 set @execcount = @execcount + 1
11 end
12
13 /* 子查詢 */
14 declare @subquery varchar ( 5000 )
15 declare @execcount int = 0
16 set @subquery = ' select orderyear,COUNT(distinct(custid)) numCusts
17 from (select YEAR(orderdate),custid from sales.orders) as D(orderyear,custid)
18 group by orderyear '
19 while @execcount < 100
20 begin
21 exec ( @subquery );
22 set @execcount = @execcount + 1
23 end
?
這次做10次查詢還是沒有多大的差距,with語句用10個duration,子查詢用了11個,有時候還會翻過來。于是把執行次數改成100,這次還是子查詢使用的時間要少,截圖如下
最終結論,子查詢好比with語句效率高。
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